Malnutrition affects approximately 2 billion people globally, with micronutrient deficiency or “hidden hunger” representing a critical public health challenge that compromises immune function, cognitive development, and overall health outcomes. This review examines biofortification as an innovative and sustainable agricultural strategy that enhances the vitamin and mineral content of staple crops through plant breeding, genetic engineering, and agronomic practices. Unlike traditional fortification methods requiring additional processing infrastructure, biofortification creates nutrient-dense crops that deliver enhanced nutrition through regular consumption of staple foods. The approach addresses primary micronutrient deficiencies including vitamin A, iron, and zinc by focusing on widely consumed crops such as rice, wheat, maize, sweet potato, and beans. Successful programs like HarvestPlus have released over 200 biofortified varieties across 30 countries, reaching more than 10 million farming households. Golden Rice exemplifies genetic engineering achievements, while conventional breeding has produced high-iron pearl millet and zinc-enhanced wheat varieties. Biofortification offers particular advantages in reaching rural populations with limited access to diverse diets or commercially fortified foods, providing a cost-effective complement to existing nutrition interventions while supporting sustainable agricultural systems and food security goals.
