The CRISPR-Cas9 technology has completely changed the fields of molecular biology and biotechnology. It provides a precise and easy way to alter genes. This system was first found in bacteria and archaea as a part of their immune defence against viruses. In 2012, scientists Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier took this system and modified it so it could work in eukaryotic cells, turning it into a powerful tool for editing genomes. The process uses the Cas9 enzyme, which is directed by a specially designed single guide RNA) to find a matching DNA sequence. When it gets to that spot, it creates a break in both strands of the DNA. The cell then tries to fix this break through its natural repair methods, which can either leads to gene being disrupted or new piece being added in it. The appeal of CRISPR-Cas9 lies in its straightforwardness, precision, and ability to be programmed, making it popular in fields like medicine, farming, and basic research. However, this technology isn’t without its problems. It raises ethical issues and technical concerns, such as the risk of unintended changes and the implications of editing genes in reproductive cells, highlighting the need for ongoing study. The CRISPR-Cas9 system has changed the way we think about gene editing. It allows us to make precise and efficient changes to genetic material in many different organisms, and it does so at a low cost.
