Integrated nutrient management (INM) is a sustainable approach for improving crop productivity and soil health, particularly under nutrient-deficient semi-arid conditions. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield, and economics of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, India. A field experiment was carried out during the Kharif season of 2025–26 using a randomized block design (RBD) with nine treatments and three replications. The treatments comprised different combinations of inorganic fertilizers (NPK), biofertilizer (Rhizobium), and organic input (Jeevamrit). The results revealed that INM significantly influenced growth parameters, yield attributes, and economic returns. Among the treatments, the combined application of NPK + Rhizobium + Jeevamrit (T₉) proved to be the most effective. This treatment recorded the maximum plant height (109.52 cm), number of pods per plant (21.84), number of seeds per pod (15.36), and test weight (72.48 g). The improved growth and yield attributes under T₉ resulted in enhanced productivity and profitability. Economic analysis showed that the same treatment recorded the highest net return (Rs.69,060 ha⁻¹) along with a superior benefit–cost ratio of 6.09, indicating its strong economic viability. The enhanced performance under integrated nutrient application may be attributed to balanced nutrient supply, improved microbial activity, enhanced biological nitrogen fixation, and better nutrient uptake. Thus, integrated nutrient management involving NPK, Rhizobium, and Jeevamrit is an effective and economically viable strategy for improving cowpea productivity under Bundelkhand conditions.
